Expedition Clueless: introduction

Stories
Character notes
NASA acronyms
Russian glossary
Measurement unit conversions

I wrote the somewhat irreverent (and somewhat NSFW in places) “Expedition Clueless” stories between 2001-2003, after which I created my own website, become involved in that and effectively abandoned the stories. The arrangements on the International Space Station also changed drastically after the Columbia shuttle disaster in February 2003, so the stories reflect the situation before then (when Expedition Crews were taken up by the Space Shuttle).

I became interested in the International Space Station program in 2000 and was initially enthusiastic about it, but after reading various books and visiting websites (when I began using the Internet in 2001) I became more and more disillusioned, frustrated and bored; feelings which have only increased since then.

I more-or-less finished three stories and wrote bits and pieces of a few others. Unfortunately, the stories are almost unreadable as I used a lot of technical jargon and acronyms, and crammed in as much detail as I could – I essentially regurgitated all the ISS flight manuals I read onto the page. They don’t really have a plot as such. My plan for the ending was to have an Al-Qaeda (or similar) terrorist hijack the ISS (either coming up as a Soyuz space tourist or a “sleeper agent” posing as a Space Shuttle crewperson) and much havoc would ensue, culminating in Our Heroes evicting the (still-alive!) terrorist into the vacuum. Good gruesome fun! The stories badly need editing, but I have no interest in doing this now. I will consider them “practice stories”. I did have fun writing them at the time, though.

For more about the Russian spaceflight program, see my RuSpace site.

Stories

Off the Planet (172 KB, 25,487 words)
Here Comes Trouble (150 KB, 22,031 words)
Houston, We Have a Corpse (132 KB, 19,034 words)
Rise and Shine
Bedtime Stories
Miscellaneous & unfinished stories

Character notes

The main characters in my “Expedition Clueless” stories are Russian cosmonauts Sergei and Yurii. Joe is their hapless American ISS commander (commander in name only!). All are good-looking (of course!).

Sergei Aleksandrovich Konstantinov
Сергей Александрович Константинов

Born: 1970
Height: 6 feet (1.8 meters)
Weight: 68 kg; tall and lean
Hair: black
Eyes: dark brown

Sergei was born in the Moscow district. Fighter jet pilot in Russian Air Force; Class 1 Air Force pilot. Aircraft flown: Yak-52, L-29, L-39, MiG-31, MiG-29 and Su-27; logged over 600 hours of flight time. Is a qualified parachute instructor (over 200 jumps). Selected as a test-cosmonaut candidate of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Cosmonaut Office on 28 July 1997 (1997 Air Force group). Sergei is a qualified Soyuz commander-pilot and his flight to the ISS with Yurii is their first (though on the Space Shuttle). He once hoped to fly the Buran Russian space shuttle and is still embittered by its cancellation in 1993 due to lack of funds. Enjoys parachuting, swimming, freediving (deep diving without scuba gear on one breath), running, athletics, tennis, cross-country skiing, ice-skating (outdoors in winter), aerobatic flying, photography, astronomy. Likes reading (Soviet-era) science fiction books and watching similar movies (for nostalgic memories …). His parents live in the suburb of Korolyov (formerly Kaliningrad), Moscow. Rather shy and reticent in personality, but turns into a reckless daredevil when he gets into an airplane’s cockpit (or during a spacewalk!). Mischievous and fun (especially with Yurii). He is single and has no plans to get married.

Yurii Leonidovich Zolotyov
Юрий Леонидович Золотёв

Born: 1972
Height: 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 meters)
Weight: 56 kg; muscular build
Hair: pale blond
Eyes: blue

Yurii was raised in a Moscow State orphanage. World-class gymnast; competed in Olympics before joining NPO Energiya as an engineer (he still trains and competes). He was accepted as a cosmonaut-candidate in the 1996 Civilian Engineer group. His flight to the ISS with Sergei and Joe is his first. Enjoys gymnastics, running, winter sports, computers, mechanical tinkering. He is single and has no plans to get married … Exuberant in personality (he usually gets Sergei into – and out of – trouble) and an inveterate prankster, but also, like Sergei, angry and frustrated by the decline of his country and its space program since the collapse of Communism.

Joseph (Joe) David McLean

Born: 1958
Height: 5 feet 10 inches (1.7 meters)
Weight: 72 kg; athletic build
Hair: brown (turning grey)
Eyes: hazel-green

ISS commander. NASA astronaut. Joe was raised in the state of Michigan, USA. Joined U.S. Air Force and became an F-15 fighter pilot. Later joined NASA as a test pilot and flew the NASA SR-71 Blackbird in high-altitude testing before becoming an astronaut. He is a Shuttle pilot-commander with two previous Shuttle flights in the 1990s before this ISS mission. Joe is fit and enjoys running, athletics and weight-training. He played American football in senior school and college as a linebacker. He was married to Kelly, a NASA employee, but this ended in an acrimonious divorce as they were apart for so long due to Joe’s training. She had an affair with another astronaut, Joe learned of this through the NASA “grapevine” and he then had an affair with a nice Russian lady called Ol’ga who works at TsUP (whom he sends e-mails to during his ISS tour). She is also divorced; a couple of years older than he. Joe is moody and prone to depression, especially since his divorce. He is the butt of jokes amongst the other astronauts; he knows and resents this. He feels isolated on the ISS with two Russian cosmonauts whom he really can’t relate to (he can barely speak any Russian despite months of language training – fortunately, Sergei and Yurii’s English is better than Joe’s Russian). They like to play practical jokes on him (to “cheer him up”), though they mean no harm.

NASA acronyms

NASA (and other) acronyms used in these stories, listed in alphabetical order.

A/A: Air-to-Air
ACES: Advanced Crew Escape Suit (model S1035)
ALSP: Advanced Life Support Pack
AMP: Ambulatory Medical Pack
APDS: Androgynous Peripheral Docking System
AOA: Abort Once Around
APU: Auxiliary Power Unit
ASAP: As Soon As Possible
Ascan: Astronaut Candidate
ASP: Astronaut Support Person/s (also known as “Cape Crusaders”)
ATO: Abort to Orbit
ATU: Audio Terminal Unit
BFS: Backup Flight System
BITE: Built-In Test Equipment
C&W: Caution & Warning
C/O: Check Out
CCDB: Configuration Controller Database
CCPK: Crew Contamination Protection Kit
CDR, PLT, MS: Commander, Pilot, Mission Specialist
CEVIS: Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation System
CHeCS: Crew Health Care Center System
CL: Crew Lock
CMG: Control Movement Gyroscope
CMO: Crew Medical Officer
CMRS: Crew Medical Restraint System
CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
CST: Central Standard Time, GMT/UTC −06 hours (used at Houston Mission Control Center)
DAP: Digital Autopilot
DPC: Daily Planning Conference
DVCAM: Digital Video Camcorder
EDT: Eastern Daylight Time
EMU: Extravehicular Mobility Unit (U.S. spacesuit)
ESA: European Space Agency
EST: Eastern Standard Time
ET: External Tank
ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival
EVA: Extra-Vehicular Activity
ETVCG: External TV Camera Group
F&D: Fill & Drain
FPS: Feet Per Second
FRCI-12 HRSI: Fibrous Refractory Composite Insulation (tiles), High-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (tiles)
GCTC: (Yurii) Gagarin Cosmonauts’ Training Center (TsPK)
GLA: General Luminaire Assembly
GLS: Ground Launch Sequencer
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
GN₂: Gaseous Nitrogen
GOX: Gaseous Oxygen
GPC: General-Purpose Computer
He: Helium
HGDS: Hazardous Gas Detection System
HIU: Headset Interface Unit
HMS: Health Maintenance System
HPU: Hydraulic Power Unit/s
HUT: Lower Torso Assembly
IDB: In-suit Drink Bag
IBM: International Business Machines
IMS: Inventory Management System
IMU: Inertial Measurement Unit
ISS: International Space Station
JSC: Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
KSC: Kennedy Space Center, Florida
LCG: Liquid Cooling Garment
LCVG: Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment
LDB: Launch Data Bus
LH₂: Liquid Hydrogen
LiOH: Lithium Hydroxide
LOX: Liquid Oxygen
LPS: Launch Processing System
LRD: Laser Ranging Device
LSS: Life Support System
LTA: Lower Torso Assembly
LVLH: Local Vertical/Local Horizontal
MAG: Maximum Absorbent Garment
Max-Q: Maximum Dynamic Pressure
MC: Midcourse burn
MCC: Mission Control Center
MDM: Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
MDMS: Maintenance Data Management System
MECO: Main Engine Cut-Off
MET: Mission Elapsed Time
MHz: MegaHertz
Miles p/h: per hour
MLP: Mobile Launcher Platform
MO: Medical Operations
MPS: Main Propulsion System
MS: Mission Specialist
MSG: Microgravity Sciences Glovebox
N₂: Nitrogen
NASA: National Aeronautics & Space Administration
NBL: Neutral Buoyancy Lab
NC: Nominal Correction burn
NC-1: Nominal Correction-1 (first phasing maneuver)
NCC: Nominal Corrective Combination/Maneuver
NSTC: National Telemetry/Television Standards Committee
NSTS: National Space Transportation System
NTD: NASA Test Director
O&C: Operations & Checkout Building
OMS: Orbital Maneuvering System
OOPN: Out Of Plane/Position Null
OPS: Operational Sequence
ORB: Orbiter
ORU: Orbital Replacement Unit
PASS: Primary Avionics Software System
PDA: Portable Data Format
PGSC: Payload and General Support Computer (IBM – International Business Machines – ThinkPad laptop)
PMA: Pressurized Mating Adapter
PMS: Power Management System
PPK: Personal Preference Kit
PTK: Pregnancy Test Kit
PNP: Probability of No Penetration
PRSD: Power Reactant Storage & Distribution
R-bar: Radius Vector Axis
RADAR: Radio Detecting And Ranging
RCS: Reaction Control System
RED: Resistance Exercise Device
RASA: Russian Aviation & Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos; see also RAKA in Russian glossary) (note: now the Russian Space Agency, Roskosmos)
RGS: Russian Ground Sites
RMS: Remote Manipulating System (Orbiter’s robot arm)
RPOP: Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Program (used for ISS docking)
RTLS: Return To Launch Site
SAFER: Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue
SARSAT: Search and Rescue Satellite
Scop/Dex: Scopolamine (0.4 mg) & Dexedrine (5 mg) in gel capsule
SECAM/PAL: Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire (Sequential Color with Memory)/Phase Alternating Line
SLWT: Super Light-Weight Tank (introduced in 1998)
SM: Service Module (Zvezda)
SRB: Solid Rocket Booster/s
SRSS: Shuttle Range Safety System
SSME: Space Shuttle Main Engine
SSRMS: Space Station Remote Manipulator System (robot arm or Canadarm-2)
STA: Shuttle Training Aircraft
SVMF: Space Vehicle Mockup Facility
TAL: Transoceanic Abort Landing site
TDRS: Tracking & Data Relay Satellite/s
Ti: Terminal Initiation
TV: Television
TVIS: Treadmill with Vibration Isolation System
UHF: Ultra-High Frequency
V-bar: Orbit Velocity Vector – Velocity Vector Axis
VAB: Vehicle Assembly Building
VHF: Very High Frequency
Vi: Internal Velocity (inside Orbiter)
VRL: Virtual Reality Lab
WCS: Waste Collection System
WETF: Weightless Environment Training Facility
WMS: Waste Management System (toilet)

Russian glossary

Russian transliterations used in the stories, listed in English alphabetical order.

Amerikanskii: Американский; American (adjective)
Amerikantsy: Американцы; Americans
Angel Smerti: Ангел Смерти; Angel of Death
Angliiski: Английски; English (language)
ASPRO: АСПРО; Asprin
ASU: Assenizatsiya Sistema Ypravleniya: АСУ: Ассенизация Система Управления; Sewage disposal system management
B-3: Б-3
Babushka: Бабушка; Grandmother
Baikonur: Байконур; Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (also transliterated “Baykonur”)
Berkut: Беркут; Golden Eagle
BI: Bortinzhener: БИ: Бортинженер; Flight engineer
BITS: Bortovaya Informatsionnaya Telemetricheskaya Sistema: БИТС: Бортовая Информационная Телеметрическая Система; On-board data telemetry system
BK-3: Блоки Кислородный СК (скафандр); On-board Oxygen Tanks (spacesuit)
BKU: Bortovoi Kompleks Upravleniya: БКУ: Бортовой Комплекс Управления; Onboard Control Complex
BNP: Blok Nadduva Perenosnoi: БНП: Блок Наддува Переносной; Portable Repress Tank
BO: Bytovoi Otsek TK (Transportnyi Korabl’): БО: Бытовой отсек ТК (Транспортный Корабль); Soyuz Habitation Module (crew transport vehicle)
BRTA: Blok Radiotelemetricheskoi Apparatury: БРТА: Блок Радиотелеметрической Аппаратуры; Radio-telemetry unit/apparatus (Orlan)
BSS: Bortovaya Sistems Stykovki SK s Bortom: БСС: Бортовая Система Стыковки СК с Бортом; Orlan (spacesuit) Interface Unit
Buran: «Буран»; Snowstorm (canceled Russian space shuttle)
Chto? (pronounced “Shto”): Что?; What?
CNO: Cvetil’nik Naruzhnogo Osveshcheniya: СНО: Светилник Наружного Освещения; Light exterior illumination (outside light)
Da: Да; Yes
Dvoinya: Двойня; The Twins
Dedushka: Дедушка; Grandfather
Devushka/devuskhy: Девушка/девушкы; Young maiden/s
DMV: Dekretom Moskovskoe Vremya: ДМВ: Декретом Московское Время; Decreed/Legal Moscow Time
Do svidaniya: До свидания; Goodbye
Dobroe utro!: Доброе утро!; Good morning!
Do svidaniya: До свидания; Goodbye
DSD: Datchik Signal’nyi Davleniya: ДСД: Датчик Сигнальный Давления; Pressure Alarm Sensor
Ekspeditsiya Nedalyokii: Экспедиция Недалёкий; Expedition Clueless
Elektron: Электрон; Electron
Energiya (also spelt Energia): Энергия; Vigor; energetic (name of rocket, and of S. P. Korolyov Rocket & Space Corporation – Ракета Космическая Корпоация)
GA: Germetichnyi Adapter: ГА: Герметичный Адаптер; Pressurized Adapter (Zarya)
Gidrolaboratoriya: Гидролаборатория; Hydrolaboratory
Gigienicheskie plavki: Гигиенические плавки; Hygienic briefs (diapers)
Glavnyi: Главный; Main/senior person in charge
Glisser-M: «Глиссер-М»; Speedboat
GStM-1 and –2, Gruzovoi Strela Manipulyator: ГСтМ-1 & -2, Грузовая Стрела Манипулятор; Cargo Crane Manipulator
IMBP: Institut Mediko-Biologicheskikh Problem: ИМБП: Институт Медико-Биологических Проблем; Institute of Medical and Biological Problems
InPU: Integrirovannyi Pul’t Upravleniya: ИнПУ: Интерированный Пульт Управления; Integrated Control Panel
Izolyator: Изолятор; Isolation/punishment cell; solitary confinement cell
Kayuta/kayuty: Каюта/каюты; Cabin/cabins
Kazbek-U: «Казбек-У»
Khorosho: Хорошо; Good
Komandir: Командир; Commander
KK: Komandir Korablya: КК: Командир Корабля; Spaceship commander
Kondomy: Кондомы; Condoms (slang term, plural; also prezervativy, презервативы)
Korona: «Корона»; Crown
Kosmicheskaya Mafiya: Космическая Мафия; Space Mafia (a.k.a. NASA)
Kosmonavt: Космонавт; Cosmonaut
Kosmonavtka: Космонавтка; Woman cosmonaut
Kriogen: «Криоген»; Cryogenic
KSD: Klapan Stravlivaniya Davleniya: КСД: Клапан Стравливания Давления; Depress valve
KVD: Klapan Vyravnivaniya Davleniya: КВД: Клапан Выравнивания Давления; Pressure equalization valve
KVO: Kostyum Vodyanogo Okhlazhdeniya: КВО: Костюм Водяного Охлаждения; Liquid cooling garment
Ledyanaya Korolyova: Ледяная Королева; Ice Queen
LP: Litievyi Poglotitel’: ЛП: Литиевый Поглотитель CO₂; Lithium absorbent (carbon dioxide) canisters
Lyubushka: Любушка; Sweetie
Mir: «Мир»; Russian space station (1986-2001)
MKS: Mezhdunarodnaya Kosmicheskaya Stantsiya: МКС: Международная Космическая Станция; International Space Station (Cyrillic acronym)
Mrazi: Мрази; Scum, dregs, bottom of the bucket (colloquial insult – plural)
Moskva: Mосква; Moscow
MV: Manovakuummetr: МВ: Мановакууммето; Pressure gauges
Myortvy?: Мëртвы?; Dead?
Ne budet dorogi: Не будет дороги; You will have no road
Nuzhnik: Нужник; Latrine, the can, toilet (slang)
Nyet: Нет; No
Ochkariki: Очкарики; Bespectacled eggheads (scientists – derisive slang, plural)
Orlan-M, Orlany: «Орлан-M», plural «Орланы»; Sea Eagle (Russian spacesuit)
PA: Pul’t Abonenta: ПА: Пульт Абонента; Public Address system/comm panel
Partizanskaya voina: Партизанская война; Partisan (guerrilla) warfare
PGO-SU: ПГО-СУ
PGPU: Pul’t Gidropnevmoupravleniya CK: ПГПУ: Пульт Гидропневмоуправления СК; Pneumohydraulic control panel (spacesuit)
Pioneerskaya Organizatsiya: Пионерская Организация; Pioneer Organization
Pirs: «Пирс»; Pier
PkhO: Perekhodnoi Otsek: ПХО: Переходной Отсек; Transfer Compartment
PkhO-SU: ПХО-СУ
Poekhali!: Поехали!; Let’s go!
POV: Pul’t Obespecheniya Vykhoda: ПОВ: Пульт Обеспечения Выхода; Control panel provision for exit
Privet: Привет; Hi!
Progress: «Прогресс»; Russian cargo/supply spaceship
PSS: Pul’t Signalizatsii Sistem: ПСС: Пульт Сигнализации Систем; Caution & Warning Panels
RO: Rabochii Otsek: РО: Рабочий Отсек; Working Compartment (Zvezda)
Rabochii Otsek: Рабочий отсек; Working compartment
RAKA: Rossiiskoe Kosmicheskoe Agentstvo: РАКА: Российское Авиационно-Космическое Агентство , РК; Russian Aviation & Space Agency (became Federal Space Agency/Roscosmos in March 2004)
Regul: «Регул»; Regulate
Regul-Paket: Регул-пакет; Regulated-package
RO: Rabochii Otsek: РО: Рабочий Отсек; Working Compartment
Rosaviakosmos: Росавиакосмос; Russian Space Agency (to March 2004)
Rubli/rubl’: Рубли/рубль; Rubles (singular/plural)
Ruskii: Рускии, руский; Russians, Russian
SB: Solnechnaya Batareya: СБ: Солнечная Батарея; Solar array
Schastlivogo puti!: Счастливого пути!; Have a good journey!
Shlemofon: Шлемофон; Communications cap (plural shlemofony, шлемофоны)
Sokol: «Сокол»; Falcon (Russian pressure suit)
Soyuz Transportnyi Modernizrovannyi Antropometricheskii: «Союз Транспортный Модернизрованный Антропометрический »; Union (Russian spaceship), Transport Modernized Anthropometric (replacing TM version)
Soyuz-Forsunochnaya Golovka: «Союз-Форсуночная Головка»; Soyuz fuel-injector’s head (type of rocket)
SOZh: Sistemy Obespecheniya Zhiznedeyatel’nosti: СОЖ: Системы Обеспечения Жизнедеятельности; Life support system
Spasiba: Спасиба; Thank-you
Spetsnaz: Спецназ; Russian special forces (abbreviation of Специальный Назначение, Spetsial’nyi Naznachenie, Special Purpose)
Spetsial’naya meditsina: Специнальная медицина; Special medicine (alcohol)
SSSR: Soyuz Sovetckikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublikh: СССР: Союз Советских Социалистических Республих; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Strizh: «Стриж»; Swift, Martin (species of bird) (Russian pressure suit)
STTS: Sistema Telefonno-Telegrafnoi Svyazi: СТТС: Система Телефонно-Телеграфной Связи; Telephone-Telegraph Signal System
TNG: Tangenta: ТНГ: Тангента; Push-to-talk (button)
Tovarishchi/tovarishch: Товарищи/товарищ; Comrades/comrade
Tranzit: «Транзит»; Transit
TsP: Tsentral’nyi Post: ЦП: центральный пост; Service Module central command post
TsPK: Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov imeni Yu. A. Gagarin: ЦПК: Центр Подготовки Космонавтов имэни Ю. А. Гагарина; Yurii Gagarin Cosmonauts’ Training Center
TsUP: Tsentr Upravleniya Polyotom v Moskve: ЦУП: Центр Управления Полëтом (в Москве); Flight Control Center (in the suburb of Korolyov, Moscow)
Tvorog: Творог; Cottage cheese with nuts
Uchastnik polyota: Участник полёта; Flight participant
Ura Rossiya!: Ура Россия!; Hooray for Russia!
VK: Ventilyator Komfortnyi: ВК: Вентилятор Комфортный; Personal fan (ventilator comfort)
VKD: Vnekorabel’naya Deyatel’nost’: ВКД: Внекорабельная Деятельность; Out-of-cabin or out-of-ship activities/work (i.e. EVA)
VL-1 & -2: Vykhod Lyk-2: BЛ-1, ВЛ-2: Выход Люк-1; Pirs exit hatch one (of two)
Voskhod: Восход; Sunrise
Vozdukh: «Воздух»; Air
Vozdushno-Desantniye Voiska: Воздушно-Десантние Войска; Aerial landing army/force (Russian airborne force – the “Blue Berets”)
VP: Vtori-Pilot: ВП: Второй-Пилот; Co-pilot
VU: БУ
Yakor’: «Якорь»; Anchor
Za …: За …; To … (toast)
Zarya: «Заря» (фунционально Грузовой Блок); Sunrise (Russian Functional Cargo Block module)
Zdravstvuite!: Здравствуйте!; Hello, greetings
Zenit: «Зенит»; Zenith
Zvezda: «Звезда» (Служебный Модуль); Star (Russian Service Module)
Zvyozdyi Gorodok: Звёздый Городок; Star City (Starry Town) – the Yurii Gagarin Cosmonauts’ Training Center

Cyrillic words:

Сергей Александрович Константинов, Серëжа: Sergei Aleksandrovich Konstantinov, Seryozha (official/intimate names)
Юрий Леонидович Золотёв, Юра: Yurii Leonidovich Zolotyov, Yura

Measurement unit conversions

Shuttle measurements are in Imperial, as this is still used on it (as well as the U.S. segment of the ISS).

Measurements conversion table
From	Multiply by … to obtain	To
Inches (in)	2.54	Centimeters (cm)
Centimeters	0.393700787	Inches
Feet (ft)	0.3048	Meters (m)
Meters	3.2808399	Feet
Statute (land) miles (mi)	1.609344	Kilometers (km)
Kilometers	0.621371192	Statute miles
Nautical miles (nmi)	1.85200	Kilometers
Kilometers	0.539956803	Nautical miles
Pounds (lb)	0.45359237	Kilograms (kg)
Kilograms	2.20462262	Pounds
Gallons	3.7854118	Liters (L)
Liters	0.264172051	Gallons
Pounds per square inch (psi)	6.89475729	Kilonewtons per square meter (kilopascals – kPa)
Kilonewtons per square meter (kilopascals – kPa)	0.145037738	Pounds per square inch (psi)
Pounds per square inch (psi)	51.7149326	Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)	0.0193367747	Pounds per square inch (psi)
Kilograms of force (kg)	9.807	Newtons (N)
Pounds force	4.448	Newtons
Kilometers per hour (km/h)	0.621371192	Miles per hour (mph)
Miles per hour	1.609344	Kilometers per hour

Temperature

Degrees Farenheit to Celsius – subtract 32, then multiply by 0.55.
Degrees Celsius to Farenheit – multiply by 1.8, then add 32.
Temperature conversion calculator at Online Conversion.

You can use the Google search box to calculate units of conversion; e.g. type in 1 meter in feet. The key term is “in”. (See How to use the Google calculator.)